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Disillusionment - Literature Essay Samples

In Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude, Colonel Aureliano Buendà ­a experiences several metamorphoses that grant him his multidimensional character. However, these metamorphoses become regressive, and he finds himself in despair as he struggles with the never-ending cycle of his transformations. He constantly fluctuates between his polar identities as scientist and as soldier, and he eventually loses any true commitment to either. Each shift from one persona to the other causes Aureliano to become more disillusioned with his nature and further entangled in his nostalgia, leading eventually to his demise. Aureliano is Mà ¡rquez’s greatest harbinger of the eventual demise of the Buendà ­a family, a foreshadowing of the disaster to come.After the Liberals lose their fruitless war and the Colonel recognizes his growing hubris, he falls back into his hermetic cocoon, where he begins to manufacture gold fishes in his workshop. His obsession with sc ience leads to a greater withdrawal from society, but his nostalgia for waging war brings him back to his pride. Considered the original and the most serious of sins, pride further handicaps Aureliano from humility and from love, a trait of which he seems to be incapable. Though he relapses back to his gold fishes, he is already hardened by his many battles and experiences a complete detachment from people as well as from himself. Colonel Aureliano’s entrance into adulthood serves as his greatest and most significant transformation. His jump from the laboratory into the war is a complete shock to the reader and one of the most powerful character modifications in the novel. As Aureliano spends â€Å"interminable hours in the abandoned laboratory, learning the art of the silver work,† he begins to craft his cocoon (Mà ¡rquez 39). He becomes â€Å"concentrated so much on his experiments†¦ that he scarcely [leaves] the laboratory to eat† and assumes an impervi ous lifestyle, completely devoted to alchemy (Mà ¡rquez 40). Aureliano’s ignorance, due to his hermetism, becomes obvious when he throws extra coins into a prostitute’s hopper not out of desire or need, but out of pity and guilt. He devotes himself to a mad proposal of marrying this prostitute and freeing her from the â€Å"despotism of her grandmother,† but is aggravated when he discovers she has left town and resigns himself â€Å"to being a womanless man for all his life in order to hide the shame of his uselessness† (Mà ¡rquez 53).Aureliano’s shell experiences its first crack upon the arrival of Don Apolinar Moscote’s family. The magistrate brings his wife and seven daughters to settle in the Hotel Jacob, where they are met by Josà © Arcadio and Aureliano. Despite Aureliano’s lackadaisical attitude towards women, he is mesmerized by the image of Don Moscote’s youngest daughter, Remedios. The nine-year-old’s †Å"lily-colored skin and green eyes† become a physical sensation that â€Å"bothers [Aureliano] when he walks, like a pebble in his shoe† (Mà ¡rquez 58). Aureliano is troubled by the thought of Remedios and tormented by his loneliness. His detachment from science becomes most evident when he welcomes Remedios into his laboratory. His focus shifts from dedication to his work to a newfound obsession with Remedios. Aureliano grants her entrance into his realm of alchemy and offers her his little fish with a level of eagerness that startles Remedios and causes her to flee. As Aureliano falls deeper in love, everything in his life starts to remind him of Remedios, and he begins to neglect his work. â€Å"The house [becomes] full of love† and Aureliano expresses it in poetry that has no beginning or end: â€Å"on the harsh pieces of parchment†¦ on the bathroom walls, on the skin of his arms,† in all of which Remedios appears (Mà ¡rquez 65). As their marria ge is arranged, Aureliano’s priorities experience an earthquake: he becomes closer to his bride and he moves farther from his alchemy. However, before his transformation can fully sink in, â€Å"[Remedios] wakes up in the middle of the night soaked in a hot broth which exploded in her insides†¦ and dies three days later, poisoned by her own blood† (Mà ¡rquez 68). The miscarriage causes Aureliano to once again become disoriented, trapped in a state of withdrawal, and fervent for another outlet from his solitude. He begins to bury his affection for Remedios and his love for the world, leaving only his poetry as a souvenir. The soon-to-be Colonel completes his first cycle, a transformation from silversmith to lover and a regression from man of sentiment to medieval science devotee. The conflict between the Liberal and Conservative party erupts at an opportune moment for Aureliano. He sees the war as an outlet to his emotional turmoil and takes an identity different from anything in his past. Though he is initially impartial to any politics, Aureliano observes the magistrate unlawfully break open the ballot box and cheat for the Conservative side, â€Å"leaving only ten red [votes] and making up the difference with the blue [votes]† (Mà ¡rquez 96). Sympathizing with the Liberals and understanding the disadvantages of being the opposition, Aureliano states that â€Å"If [he] has to be something [he will] be a Liberal†¦because the conservatives are tricky† (Mà ¡rquez 96). After witnessing Don Apolinar Moscote’s subterfuge, Aureliano reaches out to the young people in Macondo and embarks on a stealthy campaign against the Conservative travesty. He announces that â€Å"the only effective [approach] is violence,† and despite his ties with the magistrate, crafts a plan of intervention with the Conservative establishment (Mà ¡rquez 98). Obsessed with the imminence of war, Aureliano breaks free from his solitude and begins another metamorphosis of character. As he begins to lead the rebellion, Aureliano grants himself the title of â€Å"Colonel† and eventually conquers Macondo for the Liberals. Aureliano’s new identity as a soldier-figure paves the way for him to grow into the legendary but erratic leader of the Liberal armies. When the Liberals lose the war, Colonel Aureliano falls prisoner to his enemies and is condemned to death. His execution is scheduled to be carried out in Macondo â€Å"as a lesson to the population,† and he begins to understand the emptiness of the war, stating that â€Å"A person fucks himself up so much†¦ just so that six weak fairies can kill him and he can’t do anything about it† (Mà ¡rquez 128). However, when he is miraculously rescued by Jose Arcadio, Aureliano begins another war on the spot. He â€Å"contact[s] the dormant Liberals† and organizes another uprising, the first of thirty-two that fail and underline the worthlessness of the war (Mà ¡rquez 129). Even with his realization that â€Å"[the war] doesn’t have any meaning for anyone,† Aureliano is blinded by his own pride and determined to continue the Liberal regime (Mà ¡rquez 136). A war mentality takes over the Colonel and keeps him from understanding why he continues to fight for the party, fundamentally detaching him from his true feelings. The root cause of many other sins, pride initiates a desire within Aureliano to be more important than others, but this need is quickly extinguished when he discovers the lack of light at the end of the war’s tunnel. The small success that the Liberals experience arouses an â€Å"illusion of victory† that Aureliano understands is false, leaving him with the â€Å"feeling of being hemmed in against the sea† and in a desperate search for a â€Å"loophole through which he [can] escape† (Mà ¡rquez 134). In his quest to find this â€Å"loophole,† Aure liano battles his pride and eventually prevails, but the end of his struggle only marks the beginning of another. Losing faith in the war, Aureliano loses faith in a life after the war as well. He decays into a shell of the man he used to be, enticed by the nostalgia of his former life but then relapsing into a soldier, this time fighting against his own Liberal party in an attempt to end the war. Aureliano thus completes another cycle, from warrior to hermit and back to fighter. As Aureliano collapses back into a solitary lifestyle, he cannot help but notice the flaws of the war and the need for an end. Whether he genuinely yearns for war or merely wants to see it over with, Colonel Aureliano â€Å"scratch[es] for many hours, trying to break the hard shell of his solitude† (Mà ¡rquez 169). Eventually, he returns to the war but now fights for â€Å"his own liberation and not for abstract ideals† (Mà ¡rquez 170). But this second attempt at war only weakens Aureliano w hen he realizes he has betrayed the same party that he so enthusiastically fought for. His attempt and failure at suicide leaves him in a state of emotional hardness, where â€Å"he makes one last effort to search in his heart for the place where his affection had rotted away† and realizes he cannot find it (Mà ¡rquez 173). His memories have been buried so deep that even the thought of Remedios appears a hazy image of someone who may have been his daughter, rather than his wife. He acknowledges that all of his travels and conquests have left no trace in his feelings and that ultimately, â€Å"all had been wiped out by the war† (Mà ¡rquez 173). Instead of attempting to revive any emotion, Aureliano decides to bury it once and for all; he reduces his old poetry to ashes. He tries to put the past farther and farther behind him by getting rid of his memories, but the emptiness only leaves him with â€Å"the nostalgia of glory† (Mà ¡rquez 176). Realizing he cannot get rid of his longing for war, Aureliano takes refuge in his workshop and â€Å"loses all contact with the reality of the nation† (Mà ¡rquez 198).Once again, Aureliano abandons one identity for another. However, this time he does not approach his work in gold with the same enthusiasm. Aureliano has been hardened and exhausted by his wars and seeks the making of gold fishes as a sanctuary rather than a true hobby. His only relationship with the rest of the world becomes his business in these little gold fish; he even shudders at the thought of war and tells others â€Å"don’t talk to me about politics† (Mà ¡rquez 198). Mà ¡rquez throws Aureliano into a vicious cycle of exchanging gold fishes for gold coins only to convert these coins into more fishes, only to underline the cycle that Aureliano is experiencing on the inside. Because of his restless nature, Aureliano’s dedication to his workshop cannot rid him of his nostalgia for rebellion. Though he c ommits his eyes and his hands to his work, he cannot close his ears to the world outside his shop.When Aureliano finds out about Mr. Brown and the banana plantations, he states, â€Å"Look at the mess we’ve got ourselves into, just because we invited a gringo to eat some bananas† (Mà ¡rquez 228). Aureliano loses his calm over this foreign invasion and falls back into the cycle: â€Å"I’m going to arm my boys so we can get rid of these shitty gringos!† (Mà ¡rquez 238). He immediately abandons his manufacture of little fishes and directs his efforts toward finding means to wage another war. Aureliano visits Colonel Gerineldo Mà ¡rquez, who at the time was â€Å"really the only one who could have pulled†¦ the musty strings of rebellion,† and pleads for help to start a â€Å"mortal conflagration† against the foreign invader (Mà ¡rquez 242). Colonel Gerineldo, however, only feels pity for Aureliano and rebuffs his idea. Aureliano falls d eeper into his emptiness, feeling abandoned by his comrade, his party, and, ultimately, Macondo. Unable to find help for the pressing issue, Aureliano is discouraged and relapses back to his workshop.The banana plantation ordeal would mark Colonel Aureliano’s last cry for war. After his last attempt, he recedes away from the idea and completes the last half of his final cycle by locking himself up in his world of gold fishes. However, Aureliano decides to stop selling his fish and begins to make dozens, only to melt them down and start all over again. As Aureliano’s internal cycle actually manifests itself in the external cycle of making and remaking gold fish, he falls into a deeper trap of nostalgia. One day, while standing in the courtyard, he accepts this nostalgia for â€Å"the first time since his youth† and momentarily relives the â€Å"prodigious afternoon of the gypsies† (Mà ¡rquez 264). When he hears Santa Sofà ­a de la Piedad shout that the c ircus is coming, Aureliano begins to think about the circus, searching for the circus from his past but realizes that â€Å"he can no longer find the memory† (Mà ¡rquez 267).In One Hundred Years of Solitude, Mà ¡rquez uses Colonel Aureliano’s vicious cycle to warn how the Buendà ­a family may also spiral towards its eventual destruction. Aureliano’s metaphor is especially symbolic because of its incessant nature, even after his death. His vice continues to plague future generations, as Josà © Arcadio Segundo aligns himself with the strikers with the same sense of disillusionment that gripped Colonel Aureliano in his fight for the Liberals. The seventeen Aurelianos are targeted and most are executed, marked by the permanent cross of ashes on their foreheads that symbolizes the permanent stain the Colonel has left on the Buendà ­a family.Colonel Aureliano’s polar interests cause him to run back and forth from one addiction to another, each time becomin g less tolerant of the withdrawals and giving in to the nostalgias more often. Nostalgia, whether for war or for work, begins to come sooner with each cycle; each period of soldier and scientist becomes shorter and shorter. The Colonel lives for these two aspects and is unable to find excitement in anything else. Once he is confronted by the possibility of losing skill in both, he sees no point in life. Early in his metamorphoses, Aureliano acknowledges his imminent death and embraces the idea, stating that he is merely â€Å"waiting for [his] funeral procession to pass† (Mà ¡rquez 199). Aureliano stretches himself so thin over both personas that, with old age, he has less and less of himself to devote to either. After taking his last refuge in the workshop, Aureliano is overcome by a loss of memory and a lack of sentiment. He becomes completely detached, not only from society, but from himself. As he fails to connect with any past emotion, he becomes blind to his interests and, in the end, blind to life. Even his family is unable to distinguish the â€Å"[person] who had spent his adolescence making little gold fishes with that of the mythical warrior who had placed a distance of ten feet between himself and the rest of humanity† (Mà ¡rquez 171). Aureliano’s fluctuations between his two characters make him disoriented in the world and increasingly nostalgic for his past. In the end, Aureliano can no longer recognize the most effortless aspects of life; he buries his memories, stows away his feelings, and eventually loses himself. BibliographyMà ¡rquez, Gabriel Garcà ­a. One Hundred Years of Solitude. 1st Perennial Classics ed. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2006. 417. Print.

What Should You Do the Night Before the ACT

When youre facing a big standardized test like ACT in the morning, there are some things you need to do the night before. Besides the typical things like eating correctly, getting enough sleep, and making sure to choose a comfortable outfit for test day, these eight things will help you get ready for the ACT specifically. The ACT is different than every other ​standardized test; the admission ticket is different, the test sections are different, and the procedures are very different, as well. Even if youve taken the SAT and think you know what to expect, err on the side of caution and check this list for the things to do the night before the ACT so youre not caught by surprise on testing day. Pack Your Bag Make sure the first thing you put in it is your admission ticket. When you registered for the ACT, you should have printed your admission ticket on the spot. If your ticket is missing or you never printed it, log in to your ACT account and print one immediately, so youre not scrambling for printer paper tomorrow morning. If you registered by mail and havent received your ticket yet, contact ACT immediately to get your admission ticket -- you will not be admitted without one! Check Your Photo If you havent uploaded a photo to the ACT student website by tonight, then you wont be able to test tomorrow. There are photo upload deadlines, which are usually 4 days prior to the exam. Sometimes, ACT offers free retests for students who failed to upload photos in the right time frame, but its not guaranteed. Check the photo upload deadlines to make sure you are eligible to test tomorrow. Check Your ID Put your acceptable form of ID into your wallet or bag along with your admission ticket. You wont be able to test if you arent carrying the proper ID. Remember that the name you used to register must match the name on your ID exactly, although you can omit your middle name or initial on the admission ticket. The spelling of the first and last name must be identical, however. Pack an Acceptable Calculator There would be nothing worse than showing up for the ACT expecting to use your calculator and finding out its on the do not use list. Be sure to check  whether your calculator is an approved one so that if it isnt, youll have some time to locate one that is. Decide If Youre Taking the Writing Test If you have decided to take the ACT Plus Writing test and you didnt register for it, you can still take it. Just be sure to tell the test supervisor before the test begins and he or she will arrange to have you take the Writing portion, as long as there are enough staff/materials to accommodate you. Youll be billed the additional fee for the exam afterward. Forget Standby Testing Lets say you didnt register for the ACT, but on the night before the ACT, you decide you want to test. Unfortunately, the ACT does not allow walk-in testers like other tests do. If you had made this decision a few days prior, however, you could have still registered as a standby tester and shown up for the exam. If you go this route, youll have to wait until the next ACT test date. Listen Carefully to the Weather Reports If there is severe weather in the area the night before the test, the testing center may close. You dont want to venture out in a hurricane to take your test if its closed anyway when you show up. If youre unsure, check the ACT student website for updates about test center closings in your area. Dont Chicken Out If you decide you dont want to test the night before the ACT, youll lose your testing money if you dont reschedule. If you do want to take it on another date, you will be able to request a test center change/change of date if you pay the fee. So, show up and give it a shot -- you can always retest if you dont get the score youre aiming for.

References - 642 Words

Cons and Prons of Short story and Poetry Monica Cruz Ashford University ENG 125: Introduction into Literacy Arjun Buxi February 12, 2013 Short Story The theme is about the story is about conflicts between personal responsibilities and pleasure-seeking. Therefore in the story is about making wise decision, but sometimes making wrong decision could leaded to hard consequence in their relationship. Also in the story it explains the value of life and adulthood and at the end the realizing what is the value of life and what they have. Furthermore, it also has some theme of romantic between the American and the girl. As the man explains† The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white†( Clugston,2010)the river†¦show more content†¦This short story is in action following a single story, because it takes place in one place the same day. The man seems unable to take responsibility. He is willing to run and not face the responsibility that comes of becoming an adult. He is so selfish man and nothing will get in his way to enjoy liberty of life. This includes killing their unborn baby and stepping over the women he loves. The Third-Person narrator really works to construct the theme â€Å"Hills like white elephants† we can see the Reporter and the storyteller in the short story. The reporter does not tell us what the character are think, only what they are doing and seeing. The writer also provides symbols like (the river ebro, same white hills) the weather (hot) and the train, this means that the narrator is putting memories that can speak using a metaphors into short s tory. The passage is citing to show that jig doesn’t speak Spanish, but is translated more than once in the story by the narrator. The author Hemingway wants to draw attention to the readers, to show that the narrator speak Spanish. Another thing that is not explained in the story is that the American man does not speak Spanish, which means he couldn’t have order the two beers. For example â€Å"Dos Cervezas† the man said into the curtain (Clungston, 2010). Which means the language are switch between the st ory which areShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Reference and Cite1026 Words   |  5 Pagesideas but on the quality of their research, reading, and the ability to establish a discussion to answer a specific question. If they use someone else’s idea in their assignment (by using their own words or making a quotation), they must cite and reference the source. Foreign students who come studying in Britain may be surprised by this working method. The importance of citation and referencing in all academic submission will be discussed in the first part of this essay. Then, the essential characteristicsRead MoreCo Reference Resolution : Resolution1588 Words   |  7 PagesArmaan Bhatia Corina Girju May 6, 2016 LING 406 Report Co-reference Resolution Detector Introduction Co-reference Resolution is the task of finding and identifying all expressions and references to the same entity in a discourse setting. Co-referencing occurs when two or more expressions in a text refer to the same subject/object in the discourse context. It is important for us as linguists to be able to differentiate these references, and be able to successfully identify the varying pronouns/expressionsRead MoreThe And Reference Of Natural Kind Terms1150 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper, I will begin by briefly explaining both what defines a natural kind term and what the description theory of the meaning and reference of natural kind terms is. 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Reference designs can be used for only a few part of the dataRead MoreOn Sense And Reference By Gottlob Frege And Knowledge By Acquaintance And Knowledge1754 Words   |  8 Pages In ‘On Sense and Reference’ by Gottlob Frege and ‘Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description’ by Bertrand Russell, both Frege and Russell put forward a descriptivist theory of proper names inspired by problems with the naive semantic principle that [NP2] the meaning of a singular term is nothing but its direct referent; this is also known as direct reference theory (Kemp, 2013, p. 2). The following paper will demonstrate that although Frege and Russell can both be thought of as descriptivistsRead MoreEssay about Online vs In-Person Reference1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe Question The question that was posed to both the Ankeny Public Library and Ohio’s Know It Know online reference service was â€Å"I am looking for information about the weather in Daytona, Florida.† II. The Services This question was first posed both Ohio’s Know It Now online reference service on Monday, January 27th around 6:30 pm cst. The question was then asked in person at the reference desk at the Ankeny Public Library on Thursday, January 30th around 6:00 pm cst. III. The Expectations WhenRead MoreA Study About The Reference Section Of The Three University Libraries1324 Words   |  6 PagesA COMPARATIVE STUDY ABOUT THE REFERENCE SECTION OF THE THREE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN KOLKATA: STUDY MADE BY NABANITA MUKHERJEE, LIBRARIAN OF SUKANTANAGAR VIDYANIKETAN (H.S.). INTRODUCTION Background The reference section of university libraries may be considered as the heart of the library as it provides ready reference sources and instant reference services to the users. The reference sections of University Libraries seek to promote a reference collection development program in concert with theRead MoreComparing Endnote, Zotero And Mendeley Reference Management Software2153 Words   |  9 Pageswhich you have read or used as part of your study and research can be built by a Reference management software. The user can download records for material which he had read from online searches and can use the software to insert references into the Word documents. According to the chosen style the software will format the citations and bibliography. In this paper we are going to compare Endnote, Zotero and Mendeley reference management software’s based on their capability of generating accurate bibliographiesRead MoreFinding The Reference Desk Is No Easy Task For The Unfamiliar P atron2403 Words   |  10 PagesIn the academic library that I chose to examine, finding the reference desk is no easy task for the unfamiliar patron. With three major entrances and six floors to navigate, this library is an epitome of what most libraries would strive to have: boundless space for patrons and a vast, growing collection. The patron, however, could easily take one glance at this gargantuan building and easily become overwhelmed, despite the services that this one building contains, such as being combined with financialRead MoreSupply Chain Operations Reference Model3431 Words   |  14 Pages Supply-Chain Operations Reference Model: Objective and Application IEE 530 – Enterprise Modeling – Dr. Dan Shunk Arizona State University Charlene Biro Dan Fullmer Shawn Noble August 12, 2014 â€Æ' Abstract This literature review focuses on illustrating the Supply Chain Operations Model developed in 1996 by the Supply Chain Committee. Since its creation, the SCOR model has been implemented by a multitude of organizations and increases in popularity. The origin and purpose

Ethics Dispute Between Samsung and Apple

Question: Discuss about theEthicsfor Dispute Between Samsung and Apple. Answer: Introduction In the contemporary business world, there are several moral and ethical issues which arise in the business world. These ethics arise from the organization, individuals and the legal system. The business ethics can be defines as the set of standards, principles or values which governs the actions of the organizations. Most of the companies abide by these ethical laws; however, several times, there occurs moral dilemma wherein following one set of moral theory results in the breach of other. In order to regulate the business environment and behavior of the individual, several moral theories have emerged. Some of the most popular moral theories are utilitarianism, deontology, virtue and the contract theory (Birsch, 2013). The theories are conflicting in their postulations as one moral philosophy results in transgression of other theories (Waluvhow, 2003). In this regard, the moral dilemma of Samsung infringing the intellectual property rights of Apple iPhones is evaluated by different m oral theories. Apple manufactures the best-selling smartphones which have exceptional features and customer loyalty. Recently, Samsung copied a large number of features of Apples iPhones which violated the copyright of Apple. The lower court imposed a heavy penalty on the organization which was accountable of the sales of the all the mobile features with copied features; however, the Supreme Court reduced the penalty as and made it proportional to the profits made by the company by adding the feature (Balakrishnan, 2016). In the present case, an ethical dilemma can be identified regarding how much penalty should be imposed on the company. Although Samsung copied a large number of design features of Apples iPhones, they made the technology more accessible to the common people. In this regard, the present case will be evaluated according to different moral theories. The utilitarianism theory states that the judgment regarding the rightfulness or wrongfulness of can action can be determined according to the consequences of that action. According to this theory, a person should take that course of action which is beneficial for the whole society. If an action is causing good in some people while bad for other people, the person should take actions which cause good for most of the people. According to this theory, people should look beyond their own self-interest and towards the benefit of other people (Donnelly, 2003). The ruling of the Supreme Court reduced the amount of penalty on the organization as it will result in harm to several stakeholders of the company. It includes employees and the shareholders of the company. Imposing heavy penalty will result in severe financial loss which can result in termination of the employees or reduction in the share values of the company. Moreover, imposing heavy penalty on the organization will also make oth er companies skeptical for innovation and product development. Therefore, it can be critiqued that according to this theory, the action of Supreme Court can be categorized as morally justified (Jacobs, 2008). Similarly, the deontological philosophy states that the morality of an action can be judged on the basis of certain rules. According to this theory, there are certain actions which are not permissible in any moral theory. A person should not engage in these actions regardless of whether the outcomes of these actions are good or bad. According to this framework, all the people must adhere to a certain morality framework and abide by it in any case. The theory states that a person should follow all the guidelines of a certain framework; however, he is not liable for any other morality framework. Moreover, the guidelines in the ethical framework are developed according to the reasoning rather than the past experience (Oxley, 2011). According to the application of framework, the government should impose heavy penalty on the organization as it has stolen the designs of some other companies. According to this theory, an individual or organization should not engage in wrong actions irrespective of its consequences and impact on society (Haidt, 2012). According to this theory, the ruling of Supreme Court to reduce the penalty is wrong as the company must be punished according to their actions. Virtue ethics is another ethical theory which states that the morality of an organization or a person must be judged according to his values. It is a normative ethical theory which states that the character and the upbringing of a person are essential in forming moral values. According to this theory, an individual should not emphasize on consequences or rules but rather on the values. According to this theory, the action of Samsung is wrong (Melden, 2013). Stealing the hard work and the intellectual property of another company is morally wrong. Stealing cannot be categorized as a virtue or moral principle; therefore, it is ethically wrong action. The government and trade organizations have also developed certain ethical principles which states that the infringement of the intellectual property rights is unethical and must be punished. Therefore, according to this theory, the decision of the lower government is right and Samsung must be punished for its unethical business operations (Garber, 2008). Another theory, which is commonly used to judge the morality of actions, is social contract theory. According to this theory, the morals of a person or individual are developed according to the contracts or agreements that a person makes with their society. According to this theory, a person or organization seeks justification of their actions through moral principles and social contracts (Farrell, 2010). An individual or organization perform certain actions and seeks its justification from the society. This theory states that an organization or individual should work for the welfare of the society in which they are living or operating. Samsung has copied the designs of Apple iPhones; however, the organization is providing latest technology to the middle and lower class customers. Therefore, it is focusing on the welfare of the society (Rawls, 2009). Moreover, the organization should is also developing competing mobile phones and devices. It is creating healthy competition in the mar ketplace and reducing the monopoly of the organization. Therefore, the present action is positively contributing to the betterment of the society. It can be evaluated that the organization is also encouraging stealing the intellectual property of others. Therefore, when the present action is evaluated in accordance to the social contract theory, it can be categorized as an immoral action (Dreier, 2009). It can be concluded that the action of Samsung cannot be morally justified. The company stole the intellectual property of Apple Inc. When the action is examined by different moral theories, it can be stated conclusively that the action is immoral. Utilitarianism is a moral theory which states that the morality of an action can be judged by its consequences. According to this theory, any action is justified which has better outcomes for the society. The organization should follow the actions which has better outcomes for the society. According to this theory, the action of the company is justified. However, the action is not justified when evaluated with other theories. The deontological theory states that the organization should abide by some basic principles and rules. According to this theory, the organization has performed a wrong action. Likewise, the social contract and virtue ethics state that the action of the company is unethical. References Balakrishnan, A. (2016). Supreme Court sides with Samsung in Apple patent damages dispute. Retrieved on 3 may 2017 from https://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/06/supreme-court-rules-for-samsung-in-apple-patent-case.html Birsch, D. (2013). Introduction to Ethical Theories: A Procedural Approach. Waveland Press. Donnelly, J. (2003). Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice. Cornell University Press. Dreier, J. (2009). Contemporary Debates in Moral Theory. John Wiley Sons. Farrell, M. E. (2010). Ethics: A University Guide. Progressive Frontiers Pubs. Garber, P.R. (2008). The Ethical Dilemma. Human Resource Development. Haidt, J. (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. Penguin UK. Jacobs, J. (2008). Dimensions of Moral Theory: An Introduction to Metaethics and Moral Psychology. John Wiley Sons. Melden A. (2013). Ethical Theories. Read Books Ltd. Oxley, J. (2011). The Moral Dimensions of Empathy: Limits and Applications in Ethical Theory and Practice. Springer. Rawls, J. (2009). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press. Waluvhow, W.J. (2003). The Dimensions of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethical Theory. Broadview Press.

Soft System Methodology free essay sample

Systems Methodology By Name Course Professor University City/State Date In management, problematic situations often arise. Some from a need to harmonize different peoples’ perceptions, some from need to expand the business and others from the need to start new projects The soft system methodology is a general approach for addressing real-world difficult situations in management. It has been developed with time as a result of extensive research by Peter Checkland and Brian Wilson among others. It grants a framework for a step by step enquiry and knowledge concerning the organization. It provides a clearly defined research approach that is action based to assist in addressing iniquitous problems. It concerns developing models that don’t represent the real world but allows people to structure their thinking about the existent world through the use of systems principles and rules. It constrains thinking with an intention of eventually expanding it. It all begins with a real world problem and it is from the problem that the model is created. We will write a custom essay sample on Soft System Methodology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It makes some assumptions: That most organizational and management problems cannot be perceived as wholesome systems problems because the system is too complex to analyze and it also assumes that applying a complete approach to a non-systemic problem is important. There are the factors that make it suitable for use in projects: It is suitable for complex, messy situations, it is adaptable to the real world, it culminates into a learning process, it teases the problem situation thus making it more creative in the problem solving process and it is excellent at pointing lines and/or areas of weakness and also at spotting relationships, a vital aspect in project management. The client’s project brief helps in identification of the firm’s goal, the strategic direction that the firm can use to achieve the goals. From it we can also identify the contrasting poles; the two options that can be taken towards achieving the goal. This makes it a complex problem, a specialization of Soft Systems Methodology. It has seven stages addressing both the conceptual and real worlds. The first stage is the problem situation that is considered difficult and messy. This stage is in the real world and it involves acknowledging, investigating and defining the problem. At this stage, there are no constraints caused by organizational boundaries or strict definitions. Data is collected in whatever form and using any statistically appropriate method. In the second stage, the problem is somehow expressed in the totality of its richness using the data collected. It should include processes, climate, issues that people express, people, conflicts and structures. According to Checkland, the best way of executing this stage is by the use of pictures. These inclusions should be evaluated to deduce what they entail. The third stage is about root definitions. A root definition is a sentence put across in usual language, consisting of elements according to the mnemonic CATWOE, whereby C stands for customers who are the victims of the transformation, A for Actors who perform the transformation, T for the transformation process, W for Weltanschauung which is the world view that makes the transformation meaningful in a perspective, O stands for owners that are able to alter the transformation and E for environmental constraints; elements that the system takes as given. It is in the conceptual world and is mooted as the most difficult stage of the methodology. First and foremost, understanding of the different perspectives’ concepts that can be drawn from the rich picture is crucial. In the words of Checkland, they are called holons. Stage four is the development of the conceptual model using the root definitions. The conceptual model is the planned set of activities that logic calls for in a speculative system which essentially is the one described in the root definition. Stage five entails comparing conceptual models with the reality. Different models formulated can be compared in order to get the best model. Pitfalls of the model are outlined for improvement. Stage six involves outlining possible adjustments that are feasible and advantageous and finally, stage seven is the implementation of the approved changes at stage six. SSM ANALYSIS 1-Client’s perspective In the first stage we start with the situation that needs intervention in this project. The company is in the process of expanding to levels that it will be able to compete with the best in the United Kingdom. As the company expands, so do its responsibilities; to the industry, to the community and future trends. It has a responsibility to the environment. However, as it strives to fulfil its responsibilities to the environment, there are several other factors that have to be put into consideration. The other factors that come into play can be researched by the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. This would help to produce results as per the different perspectives of the company’s employees and those it affects. In the second stage, our problem situation is how to fulfil the company’s responsibility to the environment. Prospective clients I can’t affords that Competitors Will customers support the change? I think I can afford CompanyCustomer Will the change be very costly? I better clean it myself Will the changes be sustainable? It will all depend on the quality * Improved performance * Services that are environment friendly * Services at affordable cost Shareholders Environmentalregulators Root Definition A system that is jointly owned by the client and its consumers with the available cleaning resources to ensure that the consumers get cleaning services at an affordable cost and in a way that will not impact negatively on their environment by using environment friendly cleaners within the constraints of time and budgetary allocations while meeting the high standards expected by the shareholders, prospective clients and environmental regulators and ensuring it does not give competitors an edge. The customers are the consumers of the service that the company provides. The actor is the company (the client). The transformation is to ensure the consumers get cleaning services. The input for this transformation is the cleaning services to be offered while the output is the cleaning services offered. The Weltanschauung is at an affordable cost that will not have negative impact on the environment. The system is jointly owned by the client and consumers of its services. The environmental constraints are time, budget allocated to the service and living up to the standards set by the environmental regulators, shareholders and the watchful eye of competitors and prospective clients. After that we have to make a conceptual model that captures the root definitions in a conceptual world. Below is the activity model taking the client’s perspective. Know about the available cleaning resources Establish what a complete cleaning service is. Assess what an affordable cost entails. Determine available time Provide cleaning services Assess what negative environmental impact is Assess whether the service was high quality Establish the funds available Ensure that the service satisfies the quality standards set by shareholders and environmental regulators. It should also attract new customers and keep competitors at bay. Control action Controlac Efficiency (‘doing the thing right’; ‘is there least use of funds? ’) entails cost and process management, and is an interior weight of the managerialist model in principle and specifically project management literature. A lot of work has been prepared in generating methods to intensify the power exerted by project implementation teams, and thus progress project efficiency. A project is efficient if it brings the planned yield within the budgeted inputs and on time. Within particular constraints, the efficiency of a project is a factor of the management aptitude of the implementation team. SSM emphasizes efficiency since a system is prone to fail to achieve the desired results without a wealth of resource usage. Efficacy (‘doing a successful thing’; ‘does the way work? ’) regards the pros of the assumption of change of a given project. Every aid project is based on an inherent ‘theory of change’ that supposes that the outputs of the project will advance changes in knowledge, approach or practice among persons with whom the project relates. That is, the degree to which the ‘means’ generate the projected ‘ends’. Efficacy is usually the focus of most appraisal literature and is a function of the design—the level to which the causality of the project is based in ingrained understanding and uses apposite means of social renovation. A project design may be adjudged efficacious when the yields of the project lead to the estimated outcomes. SSM is keeps a keen eye on efficacy because a system could fail if the means chosen to convey about the intended transformation does not work. Effectiveness (‘doing the right thing’; ‘is this the right thing to do? ) encompasses the thoughtful and developmental value or aptness of an idea. Eventually, effectiveness is decided by the environmental, social and economic sustainability of intercession and therefore is a function of the guidelines and strategies espoused by the project implementing agency. Effectiveness is holistic in nature (i . e. the whole program or approach) to which any set project plays a role. That is, given a project considered to be efficacious, effectiveness is into whether or not the project result contributes to the expected impact. In a nutshell, effectiveness is a gauge of the degree to which certain system adds to the more comprehensive perspective that gives that system meaning. SSM B In this analysis, I’ll look at it from the view-point of the different departments of the company. The problem that needs intervention is the fulfilment of the company’s corporate responsibility and the departments, though in the same company, have different perspectives of how they view the situation. Some of them can be viewed differently are: * Clients are not sure if the increase in cost will be forwarded to them. Clients prefer degrading of environment to increase in prices. * Will clients support the new environment friendly approach? * Consider products practices if they are pleasing to the public. * Lessen environmental impact * Changing is likely to be more costly * [Don’t want to] change prices and practices * Clients might not support the change and go elsewhere * Operate at national level in the long term * Adding a recycling service * Tie in well with existing services These are even what the rich picture would most constitute. CATWOE elements of fulfilling environmental responsibility. This would be better expressed through a rich picture that would capture the perspectives of the different stakeholders in the company. The inter-relationships of the different people would also come out. The subsequent analysis will go through the players in the system and then I’ll take a look at the impediments and catalysts of the implementation of the submissions and recommendations made. ANALYSIS I This centres on the roles of different people in the company. The interaction between the consultancy firm and the company is indicative that there has been established that there is a need for intervention. There are also those that can be affected by the whole intervention, those that the intervention revolves around. They include: a) The company’s clientele who have to be satisfied that the service is value for their money. As the price hike is implemented, they must feel that the marginal price is equivalent to their marginal utility in terms of quality of service and environmental conservation. This quality should have a good face value. b) The company’s management should ensure that as the company grows it at the same time meets its goals and objectives. ) The sales office must ensure that the addition of the proposed quality does not affect the company’s sales negatively. d) Employees in general should feel that the project does not unnecessarily increase their work load without a perk associated with it. e) The environmental regulator should also feel that the company is true to its pledge towards environmental conservation. CULTURAL ANALYSIS (II) Information about the cultural dynamics in the company is scanty. This is because the project brief only explains what they want to implement but they don’t explain how different people behave or relate in the company. However, it is common knowledge that there are stakeholders in the company and to be specific, the sales office, the company’s employees, the finance office and the customers. The sales office is represented by the national sales manager Stephen Grant, a person whose character cannot be depicted from the interview but since there is a scheduled meeting, it will pose an opportunity to know him better. Information on employees is non-existent but in liaison with relevant departments with the company we’ll get it. This is critical because the change will directly affect their work load and how they respond to the changes is likely to alter the direction of the company. The national sales manager will also provide us with information about the constraints that face the financial office and the behaviour of their clients, another bunch that is meant to be affected by the changes. ANALYSIS OF POWER (III) In this section, I will look at the different interests at play and how the company will take care of all the interests in the system. The same issue owners wield the instruments of power in the company. Therefore, they will be Stephen Grant (national sales manager), finance department, clients (customers), Environmental regulators and employees. The finance department holds the financial power and goodwill of the company. Any tendency by the department to frustrate the project implementation can take it (the project) down. The employees on the other hand must feel motivated to work for the company and support the project. If the terms are not improved and the workload increases, they are likely to go in search of pastures new and this would not help in the success of the project. The clients also hold a very powerful position in the system; if they feel that the company’s project does not add value and decide to seek the services from another company the company’s sales will go down and this would mean the project has not succeeded. The environmental regulators who double as government agencies also wield some power and could influence the success of the project. They would like to see that the company is steadfast in its efforts to conserve the environment and also comply with the tax regimes that are forthcoming when the project is implemented. The national sales manager is also powerful owing to his role in deciding price floors and ceilings and would detect when sales falter. He is therefore in a position to influence the success of the project. The perspectives of different primary stakeholders are also of utmost importance in this project. They are the same issue owners save for the employees who in this case are replaced by the company’s management. Clients’ perspective PQR P- Responding to the company’s advances R-To help the company to implement its project on environmental conservation CATWOE C-Consultancy team A-Clients themselves and the consultancy team T-Making their feelings known to the consultancy team W-Working towards a higher quality, competent service that is environmental friendly. O-Clients E-Time and mindset Management’s perspective PQR P-Put up systems that are both customer and environmental friendly Q-Investigating the available options and decide which one is best placed to achieve the objectives. R-In order to adapt an environmental friendly model and become more attractive to attract new customers CATWOE C-The Company itself, Government and environmental regulators, consumers A-Company’s management, Stephen grant, Consultancy team T- Introduces practices and products that are environmental friendly. W- Practices that can improve the image of the company to the genral public and the world at large. O- Company’s management. E- Budget, Time, market forces, conflict of interests. Consultancy team’s perspective PQR P-Perform the task requested by Forebys. Q- By doing research and presenting a clear report on ways in which Forebys could achieve its goals and objectives. R-In order to improve the image of the company CATWOE C- Forebys A- Consultancy firm. T- Preparing a report that will give Forebys a clear direction on the practices and products they want to introduce. W- Forebys expects a comprehensive report that will be value for money. O- Forebys E- Budget, Time, expectations of Forebys, availability of information. Stephen Grant’s Perspective PQR P- To introduce environment products and practices by the company. Q- By hiring a consultancy firm to do the analysis and come up with a workable model R- In order to be competitive in the market and offer services that are environmentally sound. CATWOE C -Consumers, Company’s board A – Stephen Grant, Consultancy firm T- Introducing new products and services to the market W- Becoming an environmental friendly company in all aspects O- The company’s management E- Budgetary constraints, the customers’ desire, time, Competitors 3Es Efficiency- is there least use of funds? Efficacy- does the way work? Effectiveness- is this the right thing to do? Briefing Notes Objectives of the Meeting i. The most pressing objective for the consultancy firm is winning the contract. ii. To familiarise itself with the dynamics of the company. Background of Company and Project (From project brief) i. Having been in operation for 4 years, the company has stretched its muscles to whole of west midlands and plans to go full throttle in the next five years. It offers cleaning and gardening services; it started as a window cleaning company but extended its services to cleaning houses after floods and fire. ii. Besides expanding, it desires to adopt an environmental friendly model which they have come up with two options that can be adopted to achieve it. However, none of these options have been ratified and so they have to be investigated. They are: * Introduction of products and practices that are environmental friendly. * Setting up a recycling service that would be incorporated by its existing networks and operations. Deliverables * The consultancy firm aims at doing a comprehensive investigation that will deliver beyond the scope of the firm. * The consultancy is dedicated to delivering highly feasible and easy to implement mechanism to achieve the intended goals. * We will gear our efforts towards a lucid, concise working formula to make it easy to achieve intended goals and objectives in a timely manner. Preliminary Analysis A preliminary analysis shows that: * Customers should be the focal point when carrying out this whole investigation because their choice to shift allegiance would mean total collapse of not only the project but also the company. * Shareholders should also be willing to inject new finances to the company for a better future. * There will be conflicts of interests in the drafting and implementation of the projects and so it will be upon the company to balance the interests. Bibliography Wilson, B. 2008. Soft Systems Methodology: Conceptual Model Building and Its Contribution. New Jersey: John Wiley amp; Sons.

Biography of Andrew Jackson Essays

Biography of Andrew Jackson Essays Biography of Andrew Jackson Essay Biography of Andrew Jackson Essay From his early childhood to his yearss in presidential term. Andrew Jackson’s fueled a revolution in political relations and the hunt for exoneration of the American people. In this psychoanalytical life of Andrew Jackson. James C. Curtis explores Jackson’s retentive personality and womb-to-tomb pursuit for power. which was profoundly rooted in his troubled yesteryear. Get downing in the back countries of the Carolina’s. immature Andrew Jackson was born to a twosome from Northern Ireland that migrated here during a clip of societal and economic convulsion. Arriving in the late 1760’s. Jackson explored the prospective peal countryside with the uncontrolled freedom that encouraged his wild behaviour. By the age of 14. Jackson had lost his brothers and both parents. go forthing a immature troubled male child to fend for himself in the turbulent South. Obviously. Jackson’s rebellious attitude brought him nowhere in school. The local headmaster barley taught him to read or compose. but he expressed himself straight. Even into his presidential term his advisers had to revise his public Hagiographas due to his horrid grammar and spelling. Throughout the beginning of the book. Curtis extensively relates Andrew’s early brushs to his future motives in personal and political idea. Andrew’s interruption came at the age of 17 when he landed a occupation with a attorney to pattern jurisprudence. Soon Andrew had a legitimate opportunity in frontier diplomatic negotiations. In 1784 he was involved in the Spanish Conspiracy. In this struggle the settlers were looking for a bold. reactionist individual to stand for them. Andrew took to this and forcefully went after the Indians. Obviously. his heedlessness toward the Indians was rooted in his ain battles with authorization as a kid. They were double evil. reminding him of a yesteryear he was seeking to bury and endangering a hereafter he was seeking to accomplish. The Indian was a fit mark for wrath. ( 23 ) Curtis’ manner emphasizes that Jackson was associating the unconstrained conditions of the frontier to his ain unconstrained behaviours. As a consequence. Jackson wanted to stamp down this feeling and took out his cholers on the Indians. Finally in 1796. Jackson’s political captain. William Blount. selected the immature justice advocator of the Davidson County Militia. After two old ages he replaced Blount’s place in the senate. Senator Jackson sat in office for about a twelvemonth before he realized that his cheeky public speech production accomplishments and high pique could non contend with the polemical persuasion the other Senators possessed. Once once more Jackson returned to the profitable judicature that the Blount government offered. He served giving six old ages of petroleum but just justness as a outstanding justice. In 1806. Jackson one time once more revealed his reckless and unprompted behaviour when he challenged a fellow opposition to a affaire dhonneur. Jackson exercised his daring after leting the sharpshooter take the first shooting. Wounded. he instantly raised his gun and killed the other adult male. Curtis showed that this degree of courage would be his greatest alibi in future brushs. With the return of peace in 1815 allowed for more productive usage of transit. Consequently. the Market Revolution was born. every bit good as a clip for political alteration. The old governments were being taken over by new 1s that represented a different coevals of Americans. The bulk favored Americans that were born and raised in the visible radiation of the Revolution. Andrew Jackson was and acted like that sort of individual. His unstable yesteryear caught the esteem of the working category every bit good as the slave proprietors. but the old political parties saw Jackson as a frenetic militiaman. He disappointed those whose heads were prepared to see me with a Tomahawk in one manus and a scalping knife in the other. ( 82 ) These reactions concerned Jackson and inspired him to seek a different class of action. Curtis showed. the campaigner urgently wanted such exoneration. ( 82 ) From 1828 to 1836 Jackson served the presidential term with the same motive that got him at that place. Tragedy struck once more with the decease of his married woman. a serious unwellness. and the Eaton personal businesss. In 1831 allegations from the Bankss were teeming Jackson. The force per unit area of presidential term was taking its toll. The battle with the Indians was demoing advancement. but the South was deteriorating. Jackson shortly elected a new cabinet that contained Federalists and Bank members. He even went to the extent in ending his disposal. Subsequently in his retirement. he claimed. It was the autonomous people that†¦ . enabled me to end my disposal so satisfactorily. ( 179 ) This partizan split showed Jackson’s trust in the people. Therefore. his exoneration was cured by the indorsement of the American citizen. For most he showed that the hapless and unfortunate persons could lift to the top. but he didn’t recognize the human costs of economic enlargement. During this clip period Curtis presents Jackson as a resilient and self-promoting person. However. there were merely as of import issues that should hold been addressed besides the Market Revolution. issues with province Bankss. and Jackson carry throughing his demand to unclutter his name from unfavorable judgment. For case. minorities. chiefly inkinesss. didn’t have the slightest opportunity in lifting to the point to do societal alteration. The slaves were used as economic fuel to light the Market Revolution. I think this book did address Andrew Jackson as a mastermind in advancing alteration. but lacked in advancing his moral character and I would non urge it. It seemed to me. Curtis represented him as an American hero more than a dynamic political figure. Andrew Jackson was the consequence of the troubled lives Americans lived during the Revolutionary period. The emotions of those people were the accelerator in Andrew Jackson’s hunt for exoneration.

Personal Leadership Development Project Paper Essay

Personal Leadership Development Project Paper - Essay Example The training period, all the trainees are conduct seminar, study classes etc, for developing the quality of employees. It is a good training. Verizon wireless, my role is to design the job, job analysis, human resource planning, recruitment, selection, hiring, induction, evaluation of performance, compensation management, training and development, welfare administration, employee movements, health and safety administration, grievance handling, discipline etc. The H R training in offices getting lot of experience, these experience are helps to manage the colloquies in the organization, also helps to identify the minds and behaviour of sub-ordinates. In my carrier planned some strategies. First one is to keeping 99% attitude for work and personal matter. Attitude is 99 percent, every person’s carrier is successful, for the reason I am keeping attitude for one year for the marketing training period, and our attitude is loose at one time for losing our carrier. Another strategy is to don’t cheating others. As a manager, in my view, to achieving the goal of the organization, to motivate and trained to the subordinates to achieve the higher volume of business. Which subordinates are performing better, to give additional bonus, gifts etc,. The main role of HR manager is to functioning the effective utilization of human resource in an organization. The overall goal of the organization is to building strong brands, expanding the bus iness, and getting marketing leadership. The main goal of organization is to create a new business in new areas. The top of the organization focusing expanding the networks across the countries. The training is conducting in the branch office; communicate the sub-ordinates for the entire process of organization and the organizational goals. The aim and objectives of the company is to achieve the market leader in wireless network. It is a very good feedback from my sub-ordinates or trainees, because,

Lupus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lupus - Research Paper Example Lupus is a complex autoimmune disorder affecting numerous bodily systems (Bernknopf, Rowley, & Bailey, 2011). The disease can manifest in clusters of symptoms that have been described as specific syndromes (Zandman-Goddard, Solomon, Rosman, Peeva, & Shoenfeld, 2012). Although there is no cure for the disease, the symptoms caused by lupus can be treated with medications (Bernkopf et al., 2011). There may be an environmentally imposed aspect of the disease in some patients that develop lupus (Zandman-Goddard et al., 2012). Knowing the cause of a disease can increase our ability to understand and therefore treat the disease. Unfortunately, this is not possible with lupus. The exact cause of lupus is unknown, and while it is posited that there may be a genetic factor involved, no specific gene related to lupus has been identified (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Individuals with family members who have lupus or another autoimmune disorder are more likely to develop lupus, and twin studies show increased likelihood of developing lupus in one twin when the other has it (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Certain ethnic backgrounds demonstrate a greater frequency of lupus, including African, Native American, Asian, Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Island ethnicities (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Although anyone can get the disease, research shows that lupus appears in these populations more frequently than in others. The environmental aspect of lupus is related to the disease’s initial appearance, as well as the flare-ups the disease causes. For the disease to surface or flare up, there is exposure to some environmental catalyst that sets off a disease process (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). ... It is also believed that the hormone estrogen is implicated in lupus, as the symptoms of the disease often first manifest during pregnancy or childbirth and can flare up with the menstrual cycle (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Despite the identification of these common factors in the backgrounds of individuals who develop lupus, science has yet to pinpoint a cause or cure for the disease. Anyone can get lupus and it does not appear to manifest more in any geographic location than another (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Scientists do not believe the disease is caused by anything in the diet of the sufferer, and cannot definitively state whether pollution could play a role (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). Some studies have linked lupus with cigarette smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and vaccines, but have still been unable to attribute cause to any one of these (Zandman-Goddard et al., 2012). According to the present epidemiological data available on the disease, systemic l upus erythematosus usually appears in adult women aged twenty to forty years (Bernknopf et al., 2011). Its prevalence ranges from 14.6 to 68 cases per 100,000 population (Bernknopf et al., 2011). It appears in African American women as many as three to four times as frequently as in Caucasian women (Bernknopf et al., 2011). Only 15-20% of lupus cases are diagnosed during childhood (Livingston, Bonner, & Pope, 2011). There are a variety of symptoms that a person with lupus may describe during their first bout of lupus. Fever, fatigue, and weight loss are common complaints (Bernknopf et al., 2011). The symptoms of lupus can also appear on the skin in the form of a rash or in the mouth as an